Airbnb data collection: announcement

I’ve been doing the Airbnb data collection thing for about four years now, off and on, with my first post being on October 19, 2013.

It’s been interesting, rewarding, and useful for quite a few people, and I think it has helped to push the debate on Airbnb forward in some cases. But there is a time for every season and I think this effort has done what it can, and it’s time to move on. I’ll continue until the end of the year, and I’ll complete any commitments I have made to individuals and groups, but as of the end of the year I will stop running regular data collections.

A few notes / reasons:

  • I’ve already fallen behind on responding to requests, and I won’t be taking more.
  • My code is on github (https://github.com/tomslee/airbnb-data-collection) for anyone who wants to continue and the bulk of the data I have collected will remain at http://tomslee.net/airbnb-data-collection-get-the-data. It could be much better, but it’s there.
  • Others are doing a better job of making public data accessible (including the excellent Murray Cox at Inside Airbnb obviously).
  • People doing serious research tend to roll their own (it’s not rocket science) or go to commercial outfits like AirDNA who collect more detail.
  • Cities looking for a partner in managing short-term rentals may consider groups like Host Compliance https://hostcompliance.com.

Thanks for the feedback and contributions, and all the fascinating conversations I’ve had through this project. Onwards and upwards…

Airbnb Data Collection: Get the Data

(Last updated: August 7, 2017)

Each link downloads a zip file of the data for a named city or region. The zip file holds one or more csv files. Each csv file represents a single “survey” or “scrape” of the Airbnb web site for that city. The data is collected from the public Airbnb web site without logging in and the code I use is available on GitHub.

Here is the data provided for each listing. Please note that while other data can be collected from the site, and while other sites (especially the excellent Inside Airbnb) collect richer data about the host and the details of each listing, I have no plans to expand the scope at the moment:

  • room_id: A unique number identifying an Airbnb listing. The listing has a URL on the Airbnb web site of http://airbnb.com/rooms/room_id
  • host_id: A unique number identifying an Airbnb host. The host’s page has a URL on the Airbnb web site of http://airbnb.com/users/show/host_id
  • room_type: One of “Entire home/apt”, “Private room”, or “Shared room”
  • borough: A subregion of the city or search area for which the survey is carried out. The borough is taken from a shapefile of the city that is obtained independently of the Airbnb web site. For some cities, there is no borough information; for others the borough may be a number. If you have better shapefiles for a city of interest, please send them to me.
  • neighborhood: As with borough: a subregion of the city or search area for which the survey is carried out. For cities that have both, a neighbourhood is smaller than a borough. For some cities there is no neighbourhood information.
  • reviews: The number of reviews that a listing has received. Airbnb has said that 70% of visits end up with a review, so the number of reviews can be used to estimate the number of visits. Note that such an estimate will not be reliable for an individual listing (especially as reviews occasionally vanish from the site), but over a city as a whole it should be a useful metric of traffic.
  • overall_satisfaction: The average rating (out of five) that the listing has received from those visitors who left a review.
  • accommodates: The number of guests a listing can accommodate.
  • bedrooms: The number of bedrooms a listing offers.
  • price: The price (in $US) for a night stay. In early surveys, there may be some values that were recorded by month.
  • minstay: The minimum stay for a visit, as posted by the host.
  • latitude and longitude: The latitude and longitude of the listing as posted on the Airbnb site: this may be off by a few hundred metres. I do not have a way to track individual listing locations with
  • last_modified: the date and time that the values were read from the Airbnb web site.

The first line of the CSV file holds the column headings.

Here are the cities, the survey dates, and a link to download each zip file.

Aarhus
Survey dates: 2016-10-28 (2258 listings), 2016-11-26 (1900 listings), 2017-01-21 (2167 listings), 2017-02-21 (2295 listings), 2017-03-30 (2323 listings), 2017-04-18 (2398 listings), 2017-04-28 (2360 listings), 2017-05-15 (2437 listings), 2017-06-19 (2802 listings), 2017-07-28 (3142 listings)

Download zip file

Alpes Maritime
Survey dates: 2016-09-06 (24868 listings), 2017-01-28 (25888 listings), 2017-02-26 (26707 listings), 2017-04-24 (26057 listings), 2017-06-19 (28554 listings), 2017-07-12 (32343 listings)

Download zip file

Amsterdam
Survey dates: 2014-05-24 (5645 listings), 2014-08-30 (6840 listings), 2015-01-19 (7693 listings), 2015-03-17 (7807 listings), 2015-12-16 (9850 listings), 2016-05-31 (13360 listings), 2016-08-04 (15314 listings), 2016-12-15 (17018 listings), 2017-01-18 (16871 listings), 2017-02-17 (16542 listings), 2017-03-27 (16362 listings), 2017-04-24 (17037 listings), 2017-05-12 (17201 listings), 2017-06-15 (17795 listings), 2017-07-22 (18723 listings)

Download zip file

Anchorage
Survey dates: 2016-05-13 (447 listings), 2017-03-10 (728 listings), 2017-04-12 (764 listings), 2017-05-22 (842 listings), 2017-06-24 (932 listings), 2017-07-20 (969 listings)

Download zip file

Asheville
Survey dates: 2016-09-10 (757 listings), 2016-12-26 (799 listings), 2017-03-10 (783 listings), 2017-04-12 (788 listings), 2017-05-14 (810 listings), 2017-06-24 (848 listings), 2017-07-20 (854 listings)

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Asturias
Survey dates: 2017-07-02 (1225 listings), 2017-07-26 (1327 listings)

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Auckland
Survey dates: 2016-08-19 (4590 listings), 2016-12-26 (6103 listings), 2017-01-16 (6230 listings), 2017-02-12 (6507 listings), 2017-03-25 (7384 listings), 2017-04-13 (7889 listings), 2017-04-22 (8010 listings), 2017-05-10 (8487 listings), 2017-06-14 (8847 listings), 2017-07-19 (8815 listings)

Download zip file

Barcelona
Survey dates: 2014-05-20 (10441 listings), 2014-09-04 (10413 listings), 2015-01-14 (12467 listings), 2015-04-29 (10468 listings), 2015-11-06 (14012 listings), 2016-05-30 (17154 listings), 2016-07-25 (19145 listings), 2016-08-28 (18953 listings), 2016-10-22 (16383 listings), 2016-12-10 (15148 listings), 2017-01-18 (17153 listings), 2017-02-18 (17269 listings), 2017-03-27 (17385 listings), 2017-04-15 (17448 listings), 2017-04-24 (17572 listings), 2017-05-12 (17775 listings), 2017-06-15 (18558 listings), 2017-07-23 (18838 listings)

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Belgium
Survey dates: 2016-12-30 (15711 listings), 2017-01-29 (15761 listings), 2017-02-28 (15695 listings), 2017-04-26 (15980 listings), 2017-06-19 (17093 listings), 2017-07-14 (17651 listings)

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Berlin
Survey dates: 2014-05-18 (7789 listings), 2015-01-19 (11553 listings), 2015-07-04 (12903 listings), 2015-11-07 (14132 listings), 2015-11-30 (14922 listings), 2016-05-01 (16135 listings), 2016-05-29 (8490 listings), 2016-08-30 (15680 listings), 2016-10-09 (16540 listings), 2016-12-15 (18551 listings), 2017-01-01 (18684 listings), 2017-01-17 (18312 listings), 2017-02-16 (18473 listings), 2017-03-26 (18999 listings), 2017-04-23 (19528 listings), 2017-05-11 (19681 listings), 2017-06-15 (20415 listings), 2017-07-21 (21864 listings)

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Bologna
Survey dates: 2016-02-07 (736 listings), 2017-04-30 (2976 listings)

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Bordeaux
Survey dates: 2016-03-17 (3095 listings), 2017-01-25 (6096 listings), 2017-02-23 (6250 listings), 2017-04-04 (6508 listings), 2017-04-30 (6799 listings), 2017-05-19 (6941 listings), 2017-06-23 (7484 listings)

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Boston
Survey dates: 2014-09-24 (1275 listings), 2015-01-18 (1730 listings), 2015-07-07 (2048 listings), 2015-11-21 (2610 listings), 2015-12-14 (2718 listings), 2016-01-16 (2827 listings), 2016-02-16 (2890 listings), 2016-03-18 (2978 listings), 2016-04-14 (3086 listings), 2016-05-18 (3277 listings), 2016-06-18 (3365 listings), 2016-07-16 (3459 listings), 2016-08-19 (3477 listings), 2016-09-16 (3486 listings), 2016-10-18 (3651 listings), 2016-11-21 (3864 listings), 2017-01-14 (4037 listings), 2017-02-16 (4131 listings), 2017-03-12 (4131 listings), 2017-04-08 (4174 listings), 2017-05-05 (4411 listings), 2017-06-10 (4611 listings), 2017-07-10 (4705 listings)

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Brighton
Survey dates: 2015-02-20 (719 listings), 2015-10-11 (1058 listings), 2016-12-14 (2316 listings), 2017-03-10 (2287 listings), 2017-04-12 (2389 listings), 2017-05-14 (2491 listings), 2017-06-09 (2613 listings), 2017-06-24 (2677 listings), 2017-07-20 (2708 listings)

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Bristol
Survey dates: 2016-11-20 (1173 listings), 2016-12-12 (1231 listings), 2016-12-27 (1197 listings), 2017-01-06 (1243 listings), 2017-01-18 (1259 listings), 2017-02-17 (1321 listings), 2017-03-27 (1407 listings), 2017-04-14 (1442 listings), 2017-04-24 (1440 listings), 2017-05-12 (1473 listings), 2017-05-22 (1499 listings), 2017-06-15 (1565 listings), 2017-07-22 (1692 listings)

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Brno
Survey dates: 2016-10-31 (417 listings), 2016-11-05 (412 listings), 2017-03-10 (449 listings), 2017-04-12 (471 listings), 2017-05-14 (488 listings), 2017-06-24 (533 listings), 2017-07-20 (565 listings)

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Broward County
Survey dates: 2015-09-30 (2208 listings), 2015-10-24 (2385 listings), 2015-11-28 (2623 listings), 2015-12-16 (2788 listings), 2016-01-20 (2945 listings), 2016-02-23 (3223 listings), 2016-03-30 (3378 listings), 2016-04-19 (3573 listings), 2016-05-22 (3816 listings), 2016-06-22 (3884 listings), 2016-07-20 (4064 listings), 2016-08-23 (4282 listings), 2016-09-19 (4450 listings), 2016-10-23 (4599 listings), 2016-11-25 (4806 listings)

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Busan
Survey dates: 2016-10-28 (1642 listings), 2017-01-13 (1603 listings), 2017-01-16 (1613 listings), 2017-02-12 (1690 listings), 2017-03-25 (1732 listings), 2017-04-12 (1775 listings), 2017-04-22 (1775 listings), 2017-05-10 (1739 listings), 2017-06-14 (1892 listings), 2017-07-18 (2041 listings)

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Cabo Frio
Survey dates: 2016-10-08 (685 listings), 2017-03-10 (1293 listings), 2017-04-12 (1372 listings), 2017-05-14 (1432 listings), 2017-06-24 (1478 listings), 2017-07-20 (1481 listings)

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Calgary
Survey dates: 2016-08-22 (2170 listings), 2016-09-11 (2257 listings), 2016-09-21 (2295 listings), 2016-10-27 (2356 listings), 2016-12-09 (2521 listings), 2016-12-25 (2443 listings), 2017-02-12 (2565 listings), 2017-03-11 (2580 listings), 2017-04-10 (2634 listings), 2017-05-08 (2645 listings), 2017-06-10 (2721 listings), 2017-07-10 (2954 listings)

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Cambridge MA
Survey dates: 2016-09-30 (1442 listings), 2017-03-10 (1694 listings), 2017-04-12 (1713 listings), 2017-05-14 (1765 listings), 2017-06-24 (1825 listings), 2017-07-20 (1809 listings)

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Charlottesville
Survey dates: 2016-05-12 (298 listings), 2016-12-26 (331 listings), 2017-03-10 (364 listings), 2017-04-12 (377 listings), 2017-05-14 (414 listings), 2017-06-24 (406 listings), 2017-07-20 (400 listings)

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Chicago
Survey dates: 2013-12-23 (2095 listings), 2014-05-13 (1979 listings), 2015-02-18 (3196 listings), 2015-10-03 (4989 listings), 2015-10-23 (5513 listings), 2015-11-26 (5843 listings), 2015-12-15 (6000 listings), 2016-01-19 (5954 listings), 2016-02-21 (5962 listings), 2016-03-21 (5999 listings), 2016-04-17 (6140 listings), 2016-05-21 (6100 listings), 2016-06-20 (6270 listings), 2016-07-18 (6582 listings), 2016-08-21 (6707 listings), 2016-09-18 (6799 listings), 2016-10-21 (7230 listings), 2016-11-24 (8343 listings), 2016-12-24 (8520 listings), 2017-01-14 (8207 listings), 2017-02-17 (8239 listings), 2017-03-13 (8088 listings), 2017-04-09 (7922 listings), 2017-05-06 (5080 listings), 2017-06-11 (5613 listings), 2017-07-11 (5811 listings)

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Christchurch
Survey dates: 2016-08-19 (1213 listings), 2016-12-26 (1547 listings), 2017-01-16 (1607 listings), 2017-02-12 (1712 listings), 2017-03-25 (1800 listings), 2017-04-13 (1870 listings), 2017-04-22 (1885 listings), 2017-05-11 (1991 listings), 2017-06-14 (2079 listings), 2017-07-19 (2058 listings)

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Clichy sous Bois
Survey dates: 2017-03-10 (7 listings)

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Copenhagen
Survey dates: 2015-02-21 (7884 listings), 2016-01-26 (8248 listings), 2016-06-04 (14590 listings), 2016-10-04 (16068 listings), 2017-01-20 (17593 listings), 2017-02-20 (17852 listings), 2017-03-30 (18273 listings), 2017-04-17 (18470 listings), 2017-04-27 (18422 listings), 2017-05-14 (18619 listings), 2017-06-18 (20008 listings), 2017-07-27 (21301 listings)

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Denmark
Survey dates: 2017-05-04 (29318 listings), 2017-05-22 (23941 listings), 2017-06-25 (31531 listings), 2017-07-21 (32066 listings)

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Dublin
Survey dates: 2016-03-05 (3625 listings), 2016-08-30 (5528 listings), 2016-10-10 (6092 listings), 2016-12-27 (6361 listings), 2017-01-18 (6234 listings), 2017-02-17 (6473 listings), 2017-03-27 (7014 listings), 2017-04-14 (7150 listings), 2017-04-24 (7130 listings), 2017-05-12 (7228 listings), 2017-06-15 (7647 listings), 2017-07-22 (7929 listings)

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Edinburgh
Survey dates: 2014-05-25 (1127 listings), 2015-02-19 (1689 listings), 2015-11-02 (2915 listings), 2016-03-28 (4571 listings), 2016-05-29 (5340 listings), 2016-08-09 (7342 listings), 2016-12-26 (7067 listings), 2017-01-17 (7021 listings), 2017-02-17 (7129 listings), 2017-03-27 (7236 listings), 2017-04-14 (7329 listings), 2017-04-24 (7394 listings), 2017-05-12 (7597 listings), 2017-06-15 (8345 listings), 2017-07-22 (9402 listings)

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Edmonton
Survey dates: 2016-09-11 (842 listings), 2016-09-22 (856 listings), 2016-10-28 (912 listings), 2016-12-09 (973 listings), 2016-12-25 (959 listings), 2017-02-12 (1020 listings), 2017-03-11 (1024 listings), 2017-04-10 (1057 listings), 2017-05-08 (1074 listings), 2017-06-10 (1116 listings), 2017-07-10 (1133 listings)

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Estonia
Survey dates: 2016-07-10 (2437 listings), 2016-11-07 (2222 listings), 2017-01-30 (2673 listings), 2017-03-01 (2743 listings), 2017-04-27 (2925 listings), 2017-05-18 (3045 listings), 2017-06-19 (3358 listings), 2017-07-16 (3582 listings)

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Florence
Survey dates: 2015-10-11 (5309 listings), 2015-11-02 (6175 listings), 2015-12-20 (6583 listings), 2016-01-07 (6698 listings), 2016-08-05 (8553 listings), 2016-09-12 (8525 listings), 2016-12-26 (8702 listings), 2017-01-24 (8725 listings), 2017-02-22 (8753 listings), 2017-04-04 (8945 listings), 2017-04-29 (9198 listings), 2017-05-19 (9215 listings), 2017-06-22 (9394 listings)

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Frankfurt
Survey dates: 2016-03-27 (1580 listings), 2016-08-21 (1717 listings), 2016-12-26 (1944 listings), 2017-01-23 (1910 listings), 2017-02-22 (1968 listings), 2017-04-02 (1998 listings), 2017-04-28 (2134 listings), 2017-05-18 (1957 listings), 2017-06-22 (1995 listings)

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Geneva
Survey dates: 2014-11-26 (702 listings), 2016-08-09 (666 listings), 2017-01-23 (1663 listings), 2017-03-10 (1676 listings), 2017-04-12 (1738 listings), 2017-05-14 (1782 listings), 2017-06-24 (1849 listings), 2017-07-20 (1954 listings)

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Girona
Survey dates: 2017-05-13 (393 listings), 2017-06-04 (403 listings), 2017-06-23 (410 listings)

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Granada
Survey dates: 2017-07-06 (3565 listings), 2017-07-25 (3595 listings)

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Groningen
Survey dates: 2016-03-18 (382 listings), 2016-03-28 (386 listings), 2016-12-26 (533 listings), 2017-01-24 (588 listings), 2017-02-22 (607 listings), 2017-04-04 (610 listings), 2017-04-29 (648 listings), 2017-05-19 (645 listings), 2017-06-22 (706 listings)

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Helsinki
Survey dates: 2016-05-07 (1971 listings), 2016-12-26 (2742 listings), 2017-01-23 (2733 listings), 2017-04-02 (2792 listings), 2017-04-28 (2932 listings), 2017-05-18 (2936 listings), 2017-06-22 (3191 listings)

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Houston
Survey dates: 2017-04-30 (7758 listings), 2017-05-08 (7712 listings), 2017-06-11 (7677 listings), 2017-07-13 (7559 listings)

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Hungary
Survey dates: 2017-02-24 (4507 listings), 2017-04-28 (10517 listings), 2017-05-19 (10605 listings), 2017-06-21 (11141 listings), 2017-07-18 (12139 listings)

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Iceland
Survey dates: 2016-07-29 (4768 listings), 2016-09-24 (5005 listings), 2016-10-25 (4993 listings), 2016-11-29 (5180 listings), 2016-12-22 (5573 listings), 2017-01-27 (5629 listings), 2017-02-26 (5820 listings), 2017-04-23 (6255 listings), 2017-05-14 (6496 listings), 2017-06-18 (6876 listings), 2017-07-12 (7117 listings)

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Jersey City
Survey dates: 2016-05-26 (1284 listings), 2016-12-26 (1538 listings), 2017-03-10 (1561 listings), 2017-04-12 (1647 listings), 2017-05-14 (1694 listings), 2017-06-24 (1808 listings), 2017-07-20 (1798 listings)

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Joshua Tree
Survey dates: 2016-05-27 (227 listings), 2016-11-06 (234 listings), 2017-03-10 (154 listings), 2017-04-12 (160 listings), 2017-05-14 (171 listings), 2017-06-24 (174 listings), 2017-07-20 (178 listings)

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Kenya
Survey dates: 2017-05-12 (4420 listings), 2017-07-23 (4764 listings)

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Kitchener Waterloo
Survey dates: 2016-05-22 (262 listings), 2016-09-22 (274 listings), 2016-10-28 (282 listings), 2016-12-10 (346 listings), 2016-12-25 (326 listings), 2017-02-12 (353 listings), 2017-03-11 (343 listings), 2017-04-10 (349 listings), 2017-05-08 (366 listings), 2017-06-10 (382 listings), 2017-07-10 (388 listings)

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Lake Tahoe
Survey dates: 2017-05-08 (4365 listings), 2017-06-29 (4342 listings), 2017-07-25 (4403 listings)

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Las Vegas
Survey dates: 2017-02-25 (5268 listings), 2017-03-10 (5261 listings), 2017-04-12 (5520 listings), 2017-05-14 (5691 listings), 2017-06-24 (5823 listings), 2017-07-20 (5830 listings)

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Lenox
Survey dates: 2017-06-25 (81 listings)

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Lincoln County
Survey dates: 2016-04-27 (435 listings), 2017-03-11 (810 listings), 2017-04-12 (492 listings), 2017-05-15 (878 listings), 2017-06-24 (941 listings), 2017-07-20 (1190 listings)

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Linkoping
Survey dates: 2016-08-02 (57 listings), 2017-03-11 (50 listings), 2017-04-12 (50 listings), 2017-05-15 (56 listings), 2017-06-24 (67 listings), 2017-07-20 (70 listings)

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Lisbon
Survey dates: 2015-03-18 (5652 listings), 2016-03-20 (8968 listings), 2016-06-02 (10272 listings), 2016-09-12 (10998 listings), 2016-12-26 (11668 listings), 2017-01-21 (11654 listings), 2017-02-21 (11792 listings), 2017-03-30 (12045 listings), 2017-04-18 (12287 listings), 2017-04-27 (12499 listings), 2017-05-15 (12797 listings), 2017-06-19 (13232 listings), 2017-07-27 (13578 listings)

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London
Survey dates: 2013-12-21 (13054 listings), 2014-05-13 (13237 listings), 2015-01-17 (21298 listings), 2016-01-09 (34414 listings), 2016-08-07 (48515 listings), 2016-09-22 (47472 listings), 2016-12-26 (53313 listings), 2017-01-21 (53947 listings), 2017-03-31 (55846 listings), 2017-04-28 (57826 listings), 2017-06-19 (60561 listings), 2017-07-28 (64144 listings)

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Los Angeles
Survey dates: 2014-09-01 (10027 listings), 2014-09-18 (11317 listings), 2014-10-25 (11780 listings), 2015-04-06 (13899 listings), 2015-08-03 (15790 listings), 2015-08-27 (16649 listings), 2015-09-09 (16968 listings), 2015-10-13 (17420 listings), 2015-11-16 (18665 listings), 2015-12-10 (19709 listings), 2016-01-11 (18863 listings), 2016-02-10 (19311 listings), 2016-03-12 (19717 listings), 2016-04-12 (20951 listings), 2016-05-14 (21986 listings), 2016-06-14 (21996 listings), 2016-07-13 (23071 listings), 2016-08-15 (23793 listings), 2016-09-13 (24744 listings), 2016-10-14 (25347 listings), 2016-11-17 (24633 listings), 2016-12-17 (30735 listings), 2017-01-12 (29517 listings), 2017-02-10 (29316 listings), 2017-03-10 (29252 listings), 2017-04-06 (29955 listings), 2017-05-03 (30696 listings), 2017-06-05 (30829 listings), 2017-07-08 (32146 listings)

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Lyon
Survey dates: 2016-05-14 (7346 listings), 2016-10-02 (8106 listings), 2016-12-27 (9816 listings), 2017-03-11 (9494 listings), 2017-04-12 (9707 listings), 2017-05-15 (9856 listings), 2017-06-24 (10186 listings), 2017-07-20 (10409 listings)

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Madrid
Survey dates: 2014-08-29 (4790 listings), 2015-02-21 (5393 listings), 2017-03-11 (12615 listings)

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Mallorca
Survey dates

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Melun
Survey dates: 2017-03-24 (37 listings)

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Menorca
Survey dates: 2016-04-19 (1769 listings), 2016-04-20 (1757 listings), 2016-11-06 (1866 listings)

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Miami
Survey dates: 2015-08-17 (6947 listings), 2015-10-03 (7057 listings), 2015-10-18 (7414 listings), 2015-11-19 (7676 listings), 2015-12-12 (8349 listings), 2016-01-13 (8553 listings), 2016-02-12 (8855 listings), 2016-03-14 (9468 listings), 2016-04-12 (7034 listings), 2016-05-15 (7244 listings), 2016-06-15 (7162 listings), 2016-07-14 (7249 listings), 2016-08-16 (7212 listings), 2016-09-14 (7213 listings), 2016-10-15 (6563 listings), 2016-11-18 (6856 listings), 2016-12-21 (9811 listings), 2017-01-13 (7810 listings), 2017-02-12 (7845 listings), 2017-03-12 (7664 listings), 2017-04-07 (7586 listings), 2017-05-04 (7948 listings), 2017-06-04 (9608 listings), 2017-07-09 (8824 listings)

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Montreal
Survey dates: 2014-08-30 (4424 listings), 2015-01-15 (6216 listings), 2015-09-02 (9236 listings), 2015-10-03 (9234 listings), 2016-06-29 (12476 listings), 2016-07-26 (12884 listings), 2016-08-20 (12587 listings), 2016-09-21 (12021 listings), 2016-10-27 (12444 listings), 2016-11-26 (11489 listings), 2016-12-08 (11518 listings), 2016-12-25 (13814 listings), 2017-02-11 (13729 listings), 2017-03-10 (13877 listings), 2017-04-10 (14342 listings), 2017-05-07 (14738 listings), 2017-06-10 (15286 listings), 2017-07-09 (15625 listings)

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Moscow
Survey dates: 2014-05-26 (1589 listings), 2014-08-24 (1843 listings), 2015-10-11 (3585 listings), 2015-11-02 (3819 listings), 2016-10-08 (5561 listings), 2017-03-11 (6201 listings), 2017-04-13 (6527 listings), 2017-05-15 (6789 listings), 2017-06-26 (6973 listings), 2017-07-21 (7200 listings)

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Nairobi
Survey dates: 2017-05-12 (2516 listings), 2017-06-29 (2762 listings), 2017-07-25 (2837 listings)

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Nantes
Survey dates: 2017-07-01 (2648 listings)

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Nashville
Survey dates: 2016-05-22 (3012 listings), 2016-08-30 (3486 listings), 2016-10-10 (3603 listings), 2016-12-16 (4067 listings), 2017-03-11 (4077 listings), 2017-04-13 (4357 listings), 2017-05-16 (4463 listings), 2017-06-26 (4787 listings), 2017-07-21 (4804 listings)

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New Orleans
Survey dates: 2015-01-16 (1905 listings), 2015-08-21 (2092 listings), 2015-10-03 (2667 listings), 2015-11-19 (2941 listings), 2015-12-13 (3041 listings), 2016-01-15 (3319 listings), 2016-02-15 (3697 listings), 2016-03-16 (3857 listings), 2016-04-12 (4177 listings), 2016-05-17 (4378 listings), 2016-06-16 (4069 listings), 2016-07-15 (4432 listings), 2016-08-17 (4482 listings), 2016-09-15 (4525 listings), 2016-10-16 (4449 listings), 2016-11-19 (4707 listings), 2017-01-13 (5067 listings), 2017-02-12 (5540 listings), 2017-03-12 (5663 listings), 2017-04-08 (5722 listings), 2017-05-04 (5855 listings), 2017-06-21 (3739 listings), 2017-07-10 (3862 listings)

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New York
Survey dates: 2014-05-10 (18921 listings), 2014-08-31 (20777 listings), 2014-10-17 (22388 listings), 2014-12-02 (25405 listings), 2015-02-27 (26441 listings), 2015-03-14 (28552 listings), 2015-08-10 (30001 listings), 2015-09-10 (30059 listings), 2015-10-13 (29898 listings), 2015-12-04 (33926 listings), 2015-12-21 (36062 listings), 2016-01-21 (36003 listings), 2016-02-25 (34935 listings), 2016-03-24 (34678 listings), 2016-04-03 (34380 listings), 2016-04-20 (34661 listings), 2016-05-23 (35067 listings), 2016-06-23 (34205 listings), 2016-07-20 (35547 listings), 2016-08-24 (37769 listings), 2016-09-20 (35620 listings), 2016-10-23 (35795 listings), 2016-11-26 (37439 listings), 2016-12-26 (39079 listings), 2017-01-15 (38768 listings), 2017-02-17 (37878 listings), 2017-03-14 (38549 listings), 2017-04-21 (39745 listings), 2017-05-06 (40733 listings), 2017-06-12 (39167 listings), 2017-07-12 (41245 listings)

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Newhaven CT
Survey dates: 2015-08-21 (369 listings), 2015-10-03 (475 listings), 2015-10-21 (431 listings), 2015-11-26 (567 listings), 2015-12-15 (586 listings), 2016-01-18 (604 listings), 2016-02-20 (632 listings), 2016-03-21 (678 listings), 2016-04-16 (473 listings), 2016-05-20 (481 listings), 2016-06-20 (489 listings), 2016-07-18 (444 listings), 2016-08-20 (431 listings), 2016-09-17 (444 listings), 2016-10-20 (448 listings), 2016-11-23 (471 listings), 2016-12-24 (407 listings), 2017-01-14 (359 listings), 2017-02-16 (373 listings), 2017-03-13 (370 listings), 2017-04-08 (388 listings), 2017-05-05 (420 listings), 2017-06-10 (414 listings), 2017-07-11 (428 listings)

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Newport
Survey dates: 2016-04-26 (57 listings), 2016-12-26 (70 listings), 2017-03-11 (94 listings), 2017-04-13 (61 listings), 2017-05-16 (83 listings), 2017-06-27 (138 listings), 2017-07-22 (148 listings)

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Nice
Survey dates: 2016-06-25 (8802 listings), 2016-10-06 (9288 listings), 2016-12-08 (9444 listings), 2017-01-21 (9511 listings), 2017-02-21 (9604 listings), 2017-03-30 (9962 listings), 2017-04-18 (10168 listings), 2017-04-28 (10229 listings), 2017-05-16 (10576 listings), 2017-06-19 (11193 listings), 2017-07-28 (11629 listings)

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Oahu
Survey dates: 2015-08-17 (2481 listings), 2015-10-18 (2696 listings), 2015-11-19 (2855 listings), 2015-12-12 (3086 listings), 2016-01-14 (3193 listings), 2016-02-13 (3214 listings), 2016-03-15 (3190 listings), 2016-04-14 (3539 listings), 2016-05-16 (3665 listings), 2016-06-15 (3844 listings), 2016-07-14 (3953 listings), 2016-08-17 (4020 listings), 2016-09-14 (4233 listings), 2016-10-15 (4200 listings), 2016-11-18 (4662 listings), 2016-12-21 (5146 listings), 2017-01-13 (5051 listings), 2017-02-12 (5249 listings), 2017-03-12 (5346 listings), 2017-04-07 (5610 listings), 2017-05-04 (5863 listings), 2017-06-08 (6028 listings), 2017-07-09 (6163 listings)

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Ottawa
Survey dates: 2016-05-16 (1496 listings), 2016-08-23 (1586 listings), 2016-09-21 (1624 listings), 2016-10-27 (1736 listings), 2016-12-07 (1897 listings), 2016-12-25 (1906 listings), 2017-02-12 (2003 listings), 2017-03-11 (2090 listings), 2017-04-10 (2257 listings), 2017-05-08 (2476 listings), 2017-06-10 (2919 listings), 2017-07-10 (3593 listings)

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Palermo
Survey dates: 2016-09-14 (3635 listings), 2016-12-26 (3770 listings), 2017-03-11 (3872 listings), 2017-04-13 (3996 listings), 2017-05-16 (4086 listings), 2017-06-27 (4284 listings), 2017-07-22 (4434 listings)

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Paris
Survey dates: 2013-11-27 (19004 listings), 2014-05-16 (19946 listings), 2014-09-21 (27326 listings), 2014-12-26 (28826 listings), 2015-02-28 (31341 listings), 2015-12-17 (40005 listings), 2015-12-31 (41761 listings), 2016-05-26 (55951 listings), 2016-08-10 (62213 listings), 2017-01-01 (62963 listings), 2017-01-19 (62043 listings), 2017-02-18 (61666 listings), 2017-03-28 (62087 listings), 2017-04-25 (63634 listings), 2017-06-16 (65727 listings), 2017-07-25 (70158 listings)

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Peel
Survey dates: 2016-09-24 (838 listings), 2016-10-29 (875 listings), 2016-12-09 (919 listings), 2016-12-25 (896 listings), 2017-02-12 (927 listings), 2017-03-11 (930 listings), 2017-04-10 (972 listings), 2017-05-08 (1017 listings), 2017-06-10 (1013 listings), 2017-07-10 (1064 listings)

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Philadelphia
Survey dates: 2015-08-20 (5990 listings), 2015-10-18 (7318 listings), 2015-11-19 (7177 listings), 2015-12-12 (7141 listings), 2016-01-14 (6895 listings), 2016-02-14 (7062 listings), 2016-03-16 (7026 listings), 2016-04-15 (6976 listings), 2016-05-16 (6813 listings), 2016-06-16 (6753 listings), 2016-07-15 (6921 listings), 2016-08-17 (6928 listings), 2016-09-15 (6904 listings), 2016-10-16 (6600 listings), 2016-11-19 (6875 listings), 2017-01-13 (7068 listings), 2017-02-12 (7152 listings), 2017-03-12 (7101 listings), 2017-04-07 (7090 listings), 2017-05-04 (7242 listings), 2017-06-08 (7391 listings), 2017-07-09 (7367 listings)

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Pittsburgh
Survey dates: 2017-04-30 (850 listings), 2017-05-08 (892 listings), 2017-06-12 (924 listings), 2017-07-13 (879 listings)

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Portland
Survey dates: 2014-10-28 (1748 listings), 2015-02-22 (1900 listings), 2015-08-22 (1917 listings), 2015-10-23 (2622 listings), 2015-10-26 (2722 listings), 2015-11-21 (2847 listings), 2015-12-13 (2952 listings), 2016-01-15 (2897 listings), 2016-02-15 (2970 listings), 2016-03-17 (3077 listings), 2016-04-13 (3128 listings), 2016-05-17 (3238 listings), 2016-06-17 (3383 listings), 2016-07-15 (3496 listings), 2016-08-18 (3661 listings), 2016-09-15 (3714 listings), 2016-10-17 (3626 listings), 2016-11-19 (3914 listings), 2017-01-14 (3860 listings), 2017-02-16 (3837 listings), 2017-03-12 (3748 listings), 2017-04-08 (3634 listings), 2017-05-05 (3690 listings), 2017-06-09 (3815 listings), 2017-07-10 (3950 listings)

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Portland ME
Survey dates: 2016-07-31 (409 listings), 2017-03-12 (456 listings), 2017-04-13 (476 listings), 2017-05-16 (519 listings), 2017-06-27 (576 listings), 2017-07-22 (591 listings)

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Porto
Survey dates: 2016-10-13 (4174 listings), 2016-12-12 (4461 listings), 2017-03-12 (4729 listings), 2017-04-13 (4971 listings), 2017-05-16 (5150 listings), 2017-06-27 (5561 listings), 2017-07-22 (5664 listings)

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Prince Georges County
Survey dates: 2017-02-25 (1120 listings), 2017-03-12 (1121 listings), 2017-04-13 (1135 listings), 2017-05-16 (1149 listings), 2017-06-27 (1185 listings), 2017-07-22 (1203 listings)

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Quebec City
Survey dates: 2017-05-17 (2022 listings), 2017-06-11 (2120 listings), 2017-07-10 (2153 listings)

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Queenstown
Survey dates: 2017-03-28 (1171 listings), 2017-04-25 (1137 listings), 2017-05-10 (1205 listings), 2017-06-14 (1227 listings), 2017-07-18 (1210 listings)

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Reykjavik
Survey dates: 2016-04-24 (2551 listings), 2016-06-06 (2799 listings), 2016-06-30 (2936 listings), 2016-08-08 (2813 listings), 2016-09-11 (2821 listings), 2016-11-02 (2807 listings), 2016-11-23 (2996 listings), 2016-12-25 (3036 listings), 2017-01-01 (3053 listings), 2017-01-21 (2969 listings), 2017-02-22 (3046 listings), 2017-03-31 (3091 listings), 2017-04-19 (3237 listings), 2017-04-28 (3178 listings), 2017-05-16 (3306 listings), 2017-06-19 (3406 listings), 2017-07-28 (3650 listings)

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Richmond BC
Survey dates: 2017-01-13 (760 listings), 2017-02-12 (627 listings), 2017-03-13 (620 listings), 2017-04-12 (561 listings), 2017-05-12 (531 listings), 2017-06-14 (540 listings), 2017-07-13 (514 listings)

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Rome
Survey dates: 2013-11-27 (1714 listings), 2014-05-19 (7810 listings), 2014-08-25 (9168 listings), 2014-11-28 (10778 listings), 2015-08-29 (15703 listings), 2016-01-06 (17900 listings), 2016-08-05 (23754 listings), 2016-09-11 (24061 listings), 2016-12-26 (25104 listings), 2017-01-16 (25275 listings), 2017-02-16 (25226 listings), 2017-03-25 (25430 listings), 2017-04-13 (25687 listings), 2017-04-22 (26000 listings), 2017-05-11 (26065 listings), 2017-06-14 (26206 listings), 2017-07-19 (26804 listings)

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Saint Denis
Survey dates: 2017-03-10 (564 listings)

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Saint Lucia
Survey dates: 2016-09-25 (642 listings), 2017-03-12 (718 listings), 2017-04-14 (743 listings), 2017-05-17 (761 listings), 2017-06-27 (799 listings), 2017-07-23 (835 listings)

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Saint Malo
Survey dates: 2017-05-17 (1285 listings), 2017-06-29 (1408 listings), 2017-07-25 (1460 listings)

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Salvador
Survey dates: 2017-07-01 (4308 listings)

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San Diego
Survey dates: 2014-05-25 (1901 listings), 2014-11-03 (2632 listings), 2015-08-22 (3318 listings), 2015-10-03 (4014 listings), 2015-10-23 (4222 listings), 2015-12-03 (4482 listings), 2015-12-16 (4587 listings), 2016-01-19 (4721 listings), 2016-02-22 (4813 listings), 2016-03-23 (4954 listings), 2016-04-18 (5356 listings), 2016-05-22 (5764 listings), 2016-06-21 (6257 listings), 2016-07-19 (7056 listings), 2016-08-22 (7177 listings), 2016-09-19 (7394 listings), 2016-10-22 (7481 listings), 2016-11-25 (7839 listings), 2016-12-25 (8030 listings), 2017-01-15 (8021 listings), 2017-02-17 (8054 listings), 2017-04-09 (8225 listings), 2017-05-06 (8316 listings), 2017-06-11 (8643 listings), 2017-07-11 (9111 listings)

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San Francisco
Survey dates: 2013-11-17 (215 listings), 2014-05-11 (4771 listings), 2014-08-24 (4771 listings), 2015-02-19 (5202 listings), 2015-06-05 (5305 listings), 2015-08-21 (5140 listings), 2015-10-21 (5587 listings), 2015-11-21 (7146 listings), 2015-12-14 (7399 listings), 2016-01-16 (7604 listings), 2016-02-17 (8549 listings), 2016-03-19 (8539 listings), 2016-04-15 (8051 listings), 2016-05-19 (7913 listings), 2016-06-04 (8669 listings), 2016-06-18 (7783 listings), 2016-07-17 (8037 listings), 2016-08-19 (7983 listings), 2016-09-17 (8076 listings), 2016-10-19 (8236 listings), 2016-11-21 (8407 listings), 2016-12-23 (8899 listings), 2017-01-14 (8508 listings), 2017-02-16 (8397 listings), 2017-03-12 (8286 listings), 2017-03-24 (8310 listings), 2017-04-08 (8319 listings), 2017-05-05 (8391 listings), 2017-07-10 (8344 listings)

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Santa Barbara
Survey dates: 2017-01-15 (467 listings), 2017-03-12 (403 listings), 2017-04-14 (398 listings), 2017-05-17 (359 listings), 2017-06-27 (351 listings), 2017-07-23 (384 listings)

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Sao Paulo
Survey dates: 2017-07-01 (11118 listings)

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Savannah
Survey dates: 2016-05-13 (494 listings), 2016-12-26 (615 listings), 2017-03-12 (717 listings), 2017-04-14 (752 listings), 2017-05-17 (777 listings), 2017-06-27 (835 listings), 2017-07-23 (877 listings)

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Seattle
Survey dates: 2015-09-01 (3223 listings), 2015-10-23 (3544 listings), 2015-11-28 (3715 listings), 2015-12-15 (3836 listings), 2016-01-19 (3871 listings), 2016-02-22 (3974 listings), 2016-03-22 (4048 listings), 2016-04-18 (4170 listings), 2016-05-22 (4413 listings), 2016-06-21 (4654 listings), 2016-07-19 (4935 listings), 2016-08-22 (5153 listings), 2016-09-18 (5253 listings), 2016-10-21 (5393 listings), 2016-11-24 (5654 listings), 2016-12-25 (5858 listings), 2017-01-15 (5717 listings), 2017-02-17 (5834 listings), 2017-03-13 (5816 listings), 2017-04-09 (5920 listings), 2017-05-06 (6062 listings), 2017-06-11 (6234 listings), 2017-07-11 (6399 listings)

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Seoul
Survey dates: 2016-05-29 (8519 listings), 2016-10-02 (9969 listings), 2016-12-28 (10690 listings), 2017-01-15 (10905 listings), 2017-01-15 (10930 listings), 2017-02-11 (11121 listings), 2017-03-24 (11544 listings), 2017-04-12 (11619 listings), 2017-04-21 (11723 listings), 2017-05-10 (11516 listings), 2017-06-14 (11965 listings), 2017-07-17 (12406 listings)

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Singapore
Survey dates: 2015-06-28 (2815 listings), 2016-06-11 (5796 listings), 2016-10-11 (6753 listings), 2017-03-12 (6828 listings), 2017-04-14 (7201 listings), 2017-05-17 (7212 listings), 2017-06-27 (7003 listings), 2017-07-23 (6834 listings)

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Sri Lanka
Survey dates: 2016-04-27 (7107 listings), 2016-09-24 (8725 listings), 2017-04-28 (11568 listings), 2017-06-21 (12176 listings), 2017-07-19 (12400 listings)

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Switzerland
Survey dates: 2016-04-28 (15587 listings), 2016-08-13 (18901 listings), 2016-10-30 (19775 listings), 2016-11-30 (21043 listings), 2016-12-23 (22104 listings), 2017-01-26 (22506 listings), 2017-02-24 (23195 listings), 2017-04-21 (24992 listings), 2017-05-20 (25674 listings), 2017-06-16 (26398 listings), 2017-07-11 (27696 listings)

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Sydney
Survey dates: 2014-09-26 (5567 listings), 2015-01-20 (7424 listings), 2015-03-20 (7871 listings), 2016-01-29 (13134 listings), 2016-06-11 (17343 listings), 2017-01-25 (23859 listings), 2017-03-12 (23297 listings), 2017-04-14 (24006 listings), 2017-05-17 (24419 listings), 2017-06-28 (25266 listings), 2017-07-23 (25506 listings)

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Tallin
Survey dates: 2016-07-08 (1378 listings), 2016-12-26 (1468 listings), 2017-01-24 (1483 listings), 2017-02-22 (1536 listings), 2017-04-04 (1574 listings), 2017-04-29 (1668 listings), 2017-05-19 (1708 listings), 2017-06-22 (1905 listings)

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Toronto
Survey dates: 2013-12-14 (2617 listings), 2014-05-18 (2656 listings), 2015-02-18 (4831 listings), 2015-06-29 (6587 listings), 2015-07-25 (6586 listings), 2015-11-21 (7607 listings), 2015-12-13 (7969 listings), 2016-01-15 (7980 listings), 2016-02-16 (8352 listings), 2016-03-17 (8452 listings), 2016-04-13 (9149 listings), 2016-05-18 (9446 listings), 2016-06-17 (9595 listings), 2016-07-16 (10155 listings), 2016-08-18 (10700 listings), 2016-09-15 (11026 listings), 2016-10-17 (11301 listings), 2016-11-20 (11735 listings), 2016-12-17 (12801 listings), 2017-01-14 (12597 listings), 2017-02-16 (12679 listings), 2017-03-12 (12528 listings), 2017-04-08 (12755 listings), 2017-05-05 (13042 listings), 2017-06-09 (13161 listings), 2017-07-10 (13267 listings)

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Turin
Survey dates: 2017-01-11 (3092 listings), 2017-03-13 (3205 listings), 2017-04-14 (3301 listings), 2017-05-18 (3403 listings), 2017-06-28 (3546 listings), 2017-07-24 (3662 listings)

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Tuscany
Survey dates: 2016-08-02 (37295 listings), 2016-10-30 (38783 listings), 2017-05-04 (32850 listings), 2017-06-23 (24993 listings), 2017-07-20 (49286 listings)

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Vancouver BC
Survey dates: 2015-04-25 (3036 listings), 2015-08-22 (3375 listings), 2015-11-26 (4595 listings), 2015-12-15 (4751 listings), 2016-01-17 (4731 listings), 2016-02-19 (4833 listings), 2016-03-20 (4916 listings), 2016-04-17 (5004 listings), 2016-05-20 (5209 listings), 2016-06-19 (5297 listings), 2016-07-18 (5611 listings), 2016-08-20 (5820 listings), 2016-09-17 (5926 listings), 2016-10-20 (5758 listings), 2016-11-22 (5611 listings), 2016-12-23 (5843 listings), 2017-01-14 (5619 listings), 2017-02-16 (5596 listings), 2017-03-13 (5588 listings), 2017-04-08 (5618 listings), 2017-05-05 (5781 listings), 2017-06-10 (5909 listings), 2017-07-10 (5994 listings)

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Veneto
Survey dates: 2016-11-07 (11543 listings), 2017-01-24 (15153 listings), 2017-01-30 (15218 listings), 2017-02-22 (15508 listings), 2017-03-01 (15743 listings), 2017-04-03 (16300 listings), 2017-04-29 (16940 listings), 2017-05-18 (17148 listings), 2017-06-19 (17915 listings), 2017-07-16 (18455 listings)

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Venice
Survey dates: 2015-12-20 (3161 listings), 2016-11-20 (5323 listings), 2016-12-27 (5727 listings), 2017-01-10 (5773 listings), 2017-01-23 (5801 listings), 2017-02-22 (5955 listings), 2017-04-02 (6120 listings), 2017-04-28 (6404 listings), 2017-05-18 (6402 listings), 2017-06-22 (6410 listings)

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Versailles
Survey dates: 2016-09-30 (6003 listings), 2017-03-13 (6052 listings), 2017-04-14 (6271 listings), 2017-05-18 (6515 listings), 2017-06-29 (6756 listings), 2017-07-24 (7175 listings)

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Victoria BC
Survey dates: 2016-07-08 (831 listings), 2016-11-06 (841 listings), 2016-12-10 (899 listings), 2016-12-25 (890 listings), 2017-02-12 (949 listings), 2017-03-11 (950 listings), 2017-04-10 (1004 listings), 2017-05-08 (1026 listings), 2017-06-10 (1063 listings), 2017-07-10 (1093 listings)

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Vienna
Survey dates: 2015-07-24 (5274 listings), 2015-08-01 (5445 listings), 2017-01-11 (7790 listings), 2017-03-13 (7787 listings), 2017-04-15 (7840 listings), 2017-05-18 (8010 listings), 2017-06-29 (8715 listings), 2017-07-25 (9252 listings)

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Warsaw
Survey dates: 2016-12-08 (3299 listings), 2016-12-14 (3389 listings), 2017-03-13 (3726 listings), 2017-04-15 (3863 listings), 2017-05-18 (4016 listings), 2017-06-29 (4325 listings), 2017-07-25 (4593 listings)

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Washington
Survey dates: 2015-01-16 (2815 listings), 2015-08-22 (2800 listings), 2015-10-23 (3843 listings), 2015-11-26 (4081 listings), 2015-12-15 (4257 listings), 2016-01-18 (4245 listings), 2016-02-20 (4304 listings), 2016-03-21 (4290 listings), 2016-04-16 (4512 listings), 2016-05-20 (4756 listings), 2016-06-20 (4738 listings), 2016-07-18 (4960 listings), 2016-08-20 (5104 listings), 2016-09-18 (5186 listings), 2016-10-20 (5297 listings), 2016-11-23 (5975 listings), 2016-12-24 (7497 listings), 2017-01-14 (8885 listings), 2017-01-19 (9097 listings), 2017-02-16 (8475 listings), 2017-03-13 (8232 listings), 2017-04-08 (8061 listings), 2017-05-05 (8115 listings), 2017-05-11 (8085 listings), 2017-06-10 (8174 listings), 2017-07-11 (8237 listings)

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Wellington
Survey dates: 2016-08-19 (858 listings), 2016-12-26 (1018 listings), 2017-01-16 (1039 listings), 2017-02-12 (1192 listings), 2017-03-25 (1338 listings), 2017-04-13 (1446 listings), 2017-04-22 (1455 listings), 2017-05-10 (1577 listings), 2017-06-14 (1894 listings), 2017-07-18 (1866 listings)

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West Indies
Survey dates: 2016-09-28 (39195 listings)

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Yellowknife
Survey dates: 2016-09-27 (67 listings), 2016-11-20 (78 listings), 2016-12-26 (84 listings), 2017-02-12 (93 listings), 2017-03-11 (89 listings), 2017-04-10 (83 listings), 2017-05-08 (93 listings), 2017-06-10 (95 listings), 2017-07-10 (88 listings)

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York
Survey dates: 2016-11-21 (551 listings), 2016-11-29 (754 listings), 2016-11-30 (587 listings), 2016-12-04 (495 listings), 2016-12-15 (511 listings), 2017-01-04 (92 listings), 2017-01-18 (496 listings), 2017-02-10 (519 listings), 2017-02-17 (532 listings), 2017-03-27 (545 listings), 2017-04-14 (563 listings), 2017-04-24 (561 listings), 2017-04-21 (607 listings), 2017-05-12 (580 listings), 2017-05-22 (139 listings), 2017-06-15 (617 listings), 2017-07-22 (670 listings)

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Zagreb
Survey dates

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Zurich
Survey dates: 2016-01-11 (912 listings), 2017-04-17 (2410 listings), 2017-05-18 (2271 listings), 2017-06-22 (2392 listings)

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How Airbnb hid the facts in New York City

A Report by Murray Cox and Tom Slee

On December 1 2015, Airbnb made data available about its business in New York City, with much fanfare. A new report by Murray Cox and me shows that the Airbnb data release misled the media and the public.

front-page-graphAirbnb’s data release was presented as “the first time Airbnb has voluntarily shared city data on a wide scale on how its hosts use the online platform”. This report shows that the data was photoshopped: Airbnb ensured it would paint a flattering picture by carrying out a one-time targeted purge of over 1,000 listings in the first three weeks of November. The company then presented November 17 as a typical day in the company’s operations and mis-represented the one-time purge as a historical trend.

Key Facts

  • Airbnb purged over 1,000 “Entire Home” listings from its site just days before it prepared a data snapshot of its business.
  • Airbnb used the data snapshot to paint a misleading picture of its business:
    • Airbnb’s message was that only 10% of Entire Homes listings belonged to hosts with multiple listings. The true number had been close to 19% for all of 2015.
    • Airbnb’s message was that “95% of our entire home hosts share only one listing”. The claim was true for less than two weeks of the year.
    • Airbnb’s rosy projections about the future of its business were not objective analyses based on historical trends. The company extrapolated from an artificial and unrepresentative one-time event.
  • Airbnb’s one-time purge was a PR effort, and does not indicate a change of heart for the company:
    • No similar event took place in other cities in North America or elsewhere.
    • Contrary to Airbnb projections, levels of multiple-listing entire homes have already jumped back to 13% of the total, only two months after the purge.
    • Despite claiming that it wants to “work with cities”, Airbnb carried out its purge without disclosure or consultation. Airbnb did not kick illegal hosts off the site; many commercial hosts still have listings on the site, but the purge made them appear, briefly, to be single-listing hosts.

The Report

Download the full report: how-airbnbs-data-hid-the-facts-in-new-york-city.pdf.

The Data

Download the full TS data set as a set of CSV files: 2014, 2015, 2016.

Download the full MC data set from Inside Airbnb.

For the press

Full press release: press-release-how-airbnbs-data-hid-the-facts-in-new-york-city.pdf.

Contact Details

Airbnb Data Collection: Methodology and Accuracy

Summary

This document is for people who want to use any of the Airbnb city data that I have collected since November 2013. It describes how the data is collected, and looks at the completeness and accuracy of the data, and notes some areas for improvement. The source code is available at Github.

In this document, a “survey” is an automated collection of data from the Airbnb web site for a specified city (“search area”) on or around a specific date. The survey may take between one and three days, depending on the number of listings in the city.

There have been significant changes to how I do the collection since July 2015: this document reflects those changes.

The main conclusions are:

  • The data collection gives a count of Airbnb listings in a city that is usually within 10% of the correct number. This level of accuracy provides a solid foundation for most policy and social impact discussions. If listings are missed, it is probably because they are fully booked for the near future.
  • Within that count, listing type (“Entire home/apt”, “Private room”, or “Shared room”) and host statistics (number of listings per host) are reported unambiguously, and so provide solid foundation for discussion. One caveat is that some hosts may create multiple identities (“sockpuppets”), and list themselves as such on the site.
  • The data collection includes latitude and longitude values for each listing. Street addresses of individual listings cannot be reliably inferred from these values. Combined with municipal geographical maps (eg, ESRI shapefiles of neighborhood boundaries), the data can be used to analyze listings by neighborhood within a city.
  • Price data is collected in $US. The value is usually per night and aggregated pricing information is therefore reliable.
  • Estimates of the proportions of listings and of revenue can be made, based using the number of reviews as a proxy for the relative number of visits, and the nightly price as a proxy for the relative income. Comparison with published data from Berlin shows that these estimates are good enough to be useful in policy and social impact discussions.

Methodology

This section describes how a survey of an individual search area is carried out.

  1. Source code

    The source code is available at Github.

    The source code is in python 3. It scrapes data from the Airbnb web site for a city (labelled a search area) , and stores the result in a database. Each collection of a single city is called a survey. A single database holds many separate surveys, including some of the same city.

    The database system used is now PostgreSQL.

    Most of the python modules used are standard or are easily installed using one of the python package management systems. An exception is the lxml package, which can be tricky to install and is available from here. For Linux and Mac users the system package manager can be used.

  2. Data collection outline

    The outline is now provided at http://github.com/tomslee/airbnb-data-collection.

  3. Data collected for each listing

    The script parses the data on that page to collect the following data:

    host_id
    Each Airbnb host has a unique host_id value.
    room_type
    One of the three room types listed above.
    country
    For example, “United States” or “Italy”
    city
    As entered in the page. This value may not match the search_area. For example, many listings have Brooklyn as the city even though they appear in the New York search_area. The city field is not used much in any analysis.
    neighborhood
    This value may not match the neighborhood in the search, as search results commonly include listings from other neighborhoods. It is difficult to extract reliably from the Airbnb pages, and should not be taken too seriously.
    address
    The street address (which generally does not include a street number) is also difficult to extract reliably from the web page, as it is entered by the host. It should not be taken too seriously.
    reviews
    The number of reviews for the listing. Unfortunately, the individual reviews are not collected.
    overall_satisfaction
    For listings that have at least three reviews, this is the overall satisfaction (on a one-to-five star rating, including half-stars). Individual ratings (eg cleanliness) are not collected.
    accommodates
    The number of people that the listing accommodates, according to the host.
    bedrooms
    If listed, the number of bedrooms.
    bathrooms
    If listed, the number of bathrooms.
    price
    The price listed by the host. This is almost always the price per night, but there are listings for which it is a price per week. Unfortunately, the script does not make this distinction. The price is collected in the currency displayed on the web page, which depends on the location from which the search is carried out. All my surveys record prices in $Cdn, for example.
    deleted
    If the page does not appear, it is marked as deleted by entering a 1 in this column.
    minstay
    The minimum number of nights that the listing is available for, according to the host.
    last_modified
    A timestamp recording when the script collected the data.
    latitude
    The latitude, as listed in the web page source.
    longitude
    The longitude, as listed in the web page source. For individual listings it is not clear that these values are always accurate. In general, however, they are close to the listing location.
    survey_id
    The survey being recorded. A single room may be visited several times in repeat surveys.
  4. Unavailable data

    Among the data that is not included in the surveys is:

    • occupancy rates: no occupancy data is collected.
    • host income: without occupancy rates, host income is not available.
    • specific addresses: exploration with available reverse geocoding databases suggests that the latitude and longitude values do not map reliably to specific addresses.
    • guest information: no guest information is collected.

    Rough income and occupancy distributions can be estimated from the data, as described below, but these estimates are of relative values, not absolute.

Listing completeness

This section demonstrates that the total number of listings in a city is accurate to within 10% or 20% most of the time. Airbnb rarely releases raw data, so that accuracy can only be assessed by comparison to other studies or to occasional public statements from Airbnb. One exception is the Attorney General’s report on New York, which is based on Airbnb internal data.

The search methodology does not enter “trip dates” in any of the searches, so that the web site does not exclude listings that are marked as unavailable. However, we know from individual cases that some listings (eg, ones that are heavily booked, or otherwise not available) are not found in the search.1 For this reason, the script has been updated to also visit room_id values from previous listings, in case the search missed them.

Boundaries are another source of uncertainty. A search in many major cities returns nearby listings that may not be within the city boundaries. Searches in “San Francisco”, for example, return results in Oakland and throughout the greater metropolitan area.

The availability of latitude and longitude values means that, if geo-spatial data is available from an individual city, more precise numbers can be reported (SQL Anywhere includes the ability to import ESRI shape files, commonly available on government open data web sites, and to carry out geo-spatial queries). For a few purposes, and for a few cities, such queries have been carried out. It is, however, a labour intensive process as each city makes neighborhood available in its own way.

All listings found in any survey do exist on the Airbnb site. There is evidence from Airbnb statements that the listings are fairly complete. Here are some statements made by Airbnb or by others who have access to internal Airbnb data, and some notes.

  1. New York: Attorney General’s Report

    At the conclusion of the Airbnb dispute in New York, the Attorney General’s office gained access to Airbnb listings, and their analysis of those listings was published in a report called “Airbnb in the City” (link). The report says:

    the number of unique units booked for private short-term rentals through Airbnb has exploded, rising from 2,652 units in 2010 to 16,483 in just the first five months of 2014.

    A survey of New York that I carried out in May 2014 showed a total of 19,006 listings, of which 13,173 had one or more review. The 16,483 number of units with visitors falls in the middle of these numbers, as would be expected (not all visitors leave reviews).

    The Attorney General’s report breaks down the listings by room_type:

    72% of unique units used as private short-term rentals on Airbnb during the Review Period involved the rental of an “entire/home apartment” for less than 30 days in either (1) a “Class A” multiple dwelling or (2) a non-residential building.

    While my data set does not break down rentals by dwelling type, the May 2014 survey of New York shows that 62% of listings with one or more reviews were “Entire Home/Apt” and 86% of all listings were “Entire home/apt”. Again, the Attorney General report’s number is between these two values, as would be expected.

    The Attorney General’s report lists the number of hosts:

    25,463 hosts offered private short-term rentals in New York City during the Review Period [January 1, 2010 through June 2, 2014].

    A survey carried out in November 2013 and a survey carried out in May 2014 showed, when combined, 22,309 distinct hosts who had offered listings on Airbnb. As some will have come and gone during the review period, this number suggests that the surveys are picking up most of the listings in the city.

  2. Paris

    According to Bloomberg (link), Airbnb claimed to have 25,000 listings in Paris in 2014. A survey in September 2014 showed 23,044 and a survey in December showed 24,261.

  3. Amsterdam

    An Airbnb report claimed that “In 2012-2013, Amsterdam’s 2,400 hosts ensured that over 62,000 Airbnb guests”. The first survey I did of Amsterdam, in May 2014, showed 4617 hosts, of which 3228 had at least one review. The numbers reflect a fast growth of Airbnb listings in the city: a year later there are 6,433 hosts, so extrapolating back suggests the survey is in the right ballpark.

  4. San Francisco

    In May 2014, the San Francisco Chronicle carried out their own survey of listings in the city (link). The Chronicle reported “4,798 properties listed in the city. Almost two-thirds — 2,984 — were entire houses or apartments. Of the remainder, 1,651 were private rooms and 163 were shared rooms.”

    A survey I carried out in May 2014 showed 6,609 listings in the San Francisco search area. Some of these listings were in areas such as Oakland that are not part of San Francisco proper and which were excluded from their study. Limiting the listings to the city proper (by using GIS data), I find 4,776 listings: almost exactly the same as the Chronicle.

  5. February 2015 Claims

    In February 2015, Airbnb CEO Brian Chesky claimed that “we’ve grown from just 4,000 listings in Paris in 2012 to over 40,000 today.” (link, also the Airbnb statement). A survey I carried out in February 2015 showed 31,385 listings. This is the first occasion in which the number of listings I find is significantly less than a number quoted by Airbnb.

    The article also presented (presumably from Airbnb sources) several other data points:

    • “More than 90 per cent of hosts in Paris have only one listing”. My survey shows that 93% of hosts have only one listing. (Aside: Paris is unusual in how high this figure is).
    • “New York has 34,000 listings”: A survey I carried out in March 2015 showed 28,796, again somewhat lower than Airbnb’s claim.
    • “London has 23,000 listings”: My survey from January 2015 showed 21,298 listings, in good agreement.
    • “Rio de Janeiro has 18,000 active listings”: My survey from January 2015 showed 13,395 listings.
    • “Barcelona has 15,000 listings”: My survey from January 2015 showed 12,496.

    In short, the numbers claimed by Airbnb for Paris and New York are the first to show a significant gap between the company’s claims and the data I find from the web site. Given that the occasion of their announcement was to promote the annual Airbnb host event, being held in Paris in 2015, one has to wonder if they were boosting their numbers a little, perhaps by stretching the boundaries that they are considering.

  6. Conclusions

    Although Airbnb rarely makes quantitative statements about the number of listings in particular cities, and when it does make such statements it does not define key terms, matching the survey data against Airbnb’s own data is difficult. There are, however, data points to support the claims that:

    • In most cases, there is agreement in total listings (and therefore hosts) between my surveys and Airbnb data of within a few percent. The recent Paris and New York statements are an outlier.
    • The distribution of multiple-listing hosts claimed by Airbnb and of room types is well reflected in my surveys.

Estimating visits and income

As mentioned above, the only information related to visits is the number of reviews and the price per night on a listing. Can this information be used to estimate relative incomes and number of visits within a city?

Absolute numbers of visits and incomes are not realistic, but relative numbers of visits would be reliable so long as the ratio of reviews to visits is the same within each group analysed.

In 2013, Airbnb published a report about their business in Berlin (link). It included a listing of the number of guests (= visits) and the hosts’ income grouped by neighbourhood.

airbnb_berlin_visits

 

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the aggregated number of reviews per neighborhood (based on reported neighborhood from the Airbnb listing pages) on the x-axis, and the total number of guests as reported by Airbnb on the y-axis. The relative number of visits as estimated by this method provides a good foundation for policy and social impact discussions.

According to the Figure, the number of reviews is 55% of the number of guests reported by Airbnb (which is presumably greater than the number of bookings, as each visit may include multiple people).

airbnb_berlin_income

 

Figure 2

 

Figure 2 takes the estimation one step further. If the average length of a visit is the same between groups, then the product of the number of reviews and the per-night price should give a good relative picture of the incomes within groups. In this case, the data is grouped by neighborhood within Berlin.

The figure shows that the estimated income is proportional to the reported absolute income to sufficient accuracy to be used for public policy and social impact discussions. Absolute “income” estimates are, of course, meaningless.

Conclusion

For all its flaws, the data collected by scraping the Airbnb web site for individual cities is reliable enough for policy and social impact discussions.

Footnotes:

1 My thanks to Murray Cox for discussion of this point.

Airbnb Data Collection: City Maps

May 2017 Note: You probably want to go here instead. This page is largely archive now, because each map required some manual work. It will remain so unless I find an automated mapping solution. However, I now maintain a more regularly updated and much more extensive collection of data for download at this other page, and you can do your own mapping from there.

Sep 2016 Note: The comments section has become unwieldy: if you want me to collect data for a city not listed here, please do so here. Also note: I do know that Sri Lanka and some other areas are not “cities”, but I retain the name because that’s how it started.

Here are surveys of Airbnb cities converted to Google Fusion Tables. Fusion Tables include a map and a downloadable spreadsheet (Choose File > Download), and the ability to filter the data. For many maps the “neighbourhood” column holds the most useful spatial partitioning.

Data is obtained to the best of my ability, and for most surveys I believe it is statistically good enough for public policy discussions, but I can make no guarantees as to accuracy. Methodology details are here, and the source code is available here. From time to time, changes in Airbnb’s web site or operational problems in my code can make individual surveys inaccurate, so you should treat individual trends and detailed results with care.

Other Airbnb mapping pages can be found for Amsterdam here, for New York and Portland (and others) at the excellent Inside Airbnb, and for San Francisco at the Anti-Eviction Mapping Project.

Each link opens a new tab with a Google Fusion Table page, where you can download the data as well as filter the data in various ways. Please note that (for those spreadsheets reporting it) “income” is a very rough estimate obtained by multiplying the price by the number of reviews — it far underestimates actual income but should be proportionately reasonable over the city as a whole. The listings are colour-coded by price (red is over $300US, yellow is $200 – $300, green is $100 – $200, blue is $50 – $100, purple is under $50US).

The list here is not a complete set of the data sets I have. Contact me (tom at tomslee dot net) with requests for more cities or repeated surveys for a single city. Suggestions for improved data/presentation are always welcome.

I have put comments in [square brackets] after some of these. Those with [GIS] are broken into neighbourhoods using a Shapefile of the city boundaries and are more useful than those without, as searches can return listings well outside a given city and as the “neighbourhood” column for those without a Shapefile are not useful. If you have access to a Shapefile of city boundaries, it would be helpful if you could provide it with the request.

Asia

Australasia

Europe

North America

South America